Graduated Neutral Density Filters
Particularly for landscape photography, you can often come across a scene where the range of light is too great for your camera to capture. You end up having to choose between a properly exposed landscape and a blown-out white sky, or a properly exposed sky with a black silhouette of a landscape.
Photo with no filter - the landscape is exposed correctly, but the sky is too bright
One solution to this problem is graduated neutral density filters.
Photo taken with a graduated neutral density filter to darken the sky
These filters can be attached to the end of your camera's lens, with one half fully transparent, while the other half is darker. You position the filter so the darker half is over the area of the photo you want to reduce the exposure of (e.g. the sky).
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